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[1] The term Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) covers the procedure that fulfils the assessment requirements of Directive 97/11/EC. In many countries, e.g. in the UK, the environmental information provided by the developer is presented in the form of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which may then be described as the final product of an EIA. In this report only the term EIA will be used.
[2] Personal communication with Alison Stattersfield, BirdLife (June 2001).
[3] The Santoa Marshes case from 1993 (Case C-335/90, Commission v Spain ECR I-4221)
[4] Observations from Utgrunden indicate that Eider ducks have no problems avoiding collisions with the turbines, as the ducks discover the turbines already 3-4 km before they reach the farm, and then subsequently pass the farm at safe distance (1 km).
[5] Tulp et al., 1999 [xi] suggest that the negative effects of large scale offshore wind farms on migrating birds might be reduced, if certain aspects are considered: as birds tend to avoid flying between turbines, the farm should not be long and line-shaped like a long row, lying perpendicular to migration paths. A corridor, with a distance between turbines of several kilometers, may be recommendable in order to minimize the risk of huge wind farms acting as barriers. Finally it is suggested that a small distance between the individual turbines, minimizing the total surface area of the farm, may reduce impacts on migrating birds.
[6] A case from the Oresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden demonstrates how difficult this issue is to investigate. Despite of several studies being performed prior to the construction, concluding that the risk of bird collision was minimal, some 600 birds were killed at day one in October. Apparently the birds were attracted by the illumination lights on a very foggy day, and collided with the bridge in great numbers, falling to the road below. This situation had not been accounted for in any of the studies performed, and the situation may be expected to occur relatively infrequent. The story generated quite some debate in local media and illustrates the point that the law of great numbers apply. Even though the total impact is very small, isolated events as the one described, may cause significant decrease in public acceptance.
[7] On the other hand, when fishery (with trawling equipment) is prohibited in the vicinity of the wind farm, feeding possibilities might improve
[8] The geomagnetic field is the constant magnetic field surrounding the earth
[9] benthic communities: communities living on the sea bed, also known as Benthos. (Benthos originally means seabed in Greek)
[10] Turbidity is the degree of cloudiness or opacity of the seawater due to disturbed sediment.
[11] Biotope is a small area with its own environmental conditions that is home to a particular ecological community of plant and animal life
[12] For instance, the risk analyses regarding the Rdsand and Horns Rev projects were not immediately accepted by the developers, as the figures were based on the assumption that a ship entering the farm area would unavoidably cause a collision. A revised risk analysis has therefore been carried out for the Horns Rev project, and a similar revised analysis is currently being carried out for the Rdsand project.
[13] During the construction of the Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm, the submarine cables were damaged three times, however without environmental impacts, as the cables did not contain oil as isolating material.
[14] For Horns Rev, the revised calculations resulted in a ship collision risk of 1 collision every 641 years.
[15] The fact that offshore farms may become tourist attractions is probably one on the reasons why the mayor of Nysted (the municipality closest to the Rdsand Offshore Wind Farm) has insisted on renaming the planned wind farm. As a consequence, the official name of the Rdsand project is now Nysted Offshore Wind Farm (in this report, however, the term Rdsand will still be used).
[16]The tourists answers were based on visualizations where wind farms with different layout were presented from different angles and distances.
[17] CA members: members of the Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe
[18] EIAs from the Dutch Near Shore (NSW) and the Q7 Wind Farm projects also include such risk analyses
[19] GPS: Global Positioning System a satellite navigation system
[20] The subject of marking lights and visual impacts is illustrated in an example from Denmark, where the Danish Forest and Nature Agency has recommended that the turbines chosen for the Rdsand Offshore Wind Farm should not exceed 100 m. (from sea level to upper blade tip), in order to avoid marking light requirements set by the Danish Civil Aviation Administration. The recommendation of the Agency was purely motivated by visual impact concerns.
[21] In Denmark, the pilot projects regarding five 150 MW offshore wind farms can be regarded as a sequential development of each wind farm however, due to technical and environmental motives.