AVG

DK

SE

FI

GE

NL

BE

UK

IR

FR

IT

GR

SP

PL

1

Environmental Impacts

1.a

Birds

1,5

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

1.b

Sea mammals

2,4

3

3

2

2

3

3

2

1

2

3

1

3

3

1.c

Fish

2,2

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

2

3

3

3

1.d

Marine biology

2,3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

3

3

3

1.e

Hydrography

2,1

1

3

3

-

3

3

2

1

2

2

2

1

2

1.f

Seabed

2,5

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

1

1

3

3

3

3

1.g

Sea currents

2,4

2

3

3

3

3

2

2

1

2

2

3

2

3

1.h

Water quality

2,5

3

3

1

3

3

3

2

1

3

2

3

-

3

1.i

Visual effect

1,5

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

3

1

-

1

1.j

Noise Impact

2,0

3

2

1

2

3

3

3

1

3

1

1

-

1

1.k

Raw materials

2,6

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

-

-

1

3

-

2

1.l

Marine archaeology

2,4

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

1

3

2

1

-

2

1.m

Recreational areas

1,8

1

3

1

2

3

2

2

-

1

3

1

-

1

AVG

DK

SE

FI

GE

NL

BE

UK

IR

FR

IT

GR

SP

PL

2

Conflicts of interest

2.a

Ships

1,3

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

2.b

Air traffic

1,7

2

-

2

3

2

-

1

1

2

1

1

3

1

2.b.i

Marking lights

2,0

1

2

2

3

-

3

1

1

-

3

1

3

2

2.b.ii

Colors

2,2

1

3

3

3

-

3

1

1

-

2

2

3

2

2.c

Defence

1,6

3

-

1

2

-

-

1

1

-

3

1

1

1

2.c.i

Radio/Radar

1,9

2

1

1

2

3

1

2

-

1

3

2

3

2

2.c.ii

Training grounds

1,8

1

1

1

2

2

3

2

-

3

2

1

2

1

2.d

Fishing interests

1,4

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

-

2

2.e

Bird interests

1,5

1

2

1

1

1

2

-

1

3

2

2

-

1

2.f.i

Cables and pipelines

2

2.f.ii

Dredging

3

2.f.iv

Coastal amenity

1

2.f.v

Dump sites

1

2.f.vi

Oil drilling

1

1. Environmental Impacts : Please specify national experiences and/or considerations concerning environmental impacts from Offshore Wind Farms during construction and after installation in relation to the topics listed below:

Importance

Main Conclusions

References

A/N

Language

1.a Subject: Birds (migrating and resting)

DK

1=H

Site dependent. The impact also depends on the various bird types at each site.

Different reports for diff. locations all in Danish, some with an English summary e.g. Ref. Nr. 10 (Srensen et. al. (1999))

A

Danish (DK), English (UK) summary

SE

2

Impacts on migrating birds is studied on two sites in Sweden. Utgrunden and Yttre Stengrund. Serious impacts are not assumed so permission is given on both sites. The bird study is a condition for getting permission. Both plants are located in a migration path , the southeast coast of the mainland and the Kalmarsund. The study has started but no report is finished.

The level of knowledge about windpower-impacts upon birds migration and resting has to be increased. There is need for many studies, but the issue should not be overemphasized. Its very clear that on-shore WECS located close to or within areas with migrating, nesting or grazing birds dont make any impacts at all on birdlife. Visiting people and predators make impacts not the windturbines. When the WECS dont impact birdlife on land why should they in the sea?

FI

1

Depending on site and species. Sea birds will rise as an important topic.

http://www.pvo.fi/merituuli/svenska/index.asp

Y

GE

1

Impacts on birds are expected such as
*collisions of migrating feeding birds with turbine
*turbines as barriers between feeding and roosting grounds
or in migration routes
*ousting birds off their traditional feeding/roosting grounds

[1,2,3]

Detailled discussion on the above topics and many references available in [3].

[1],
[2],
[3]
references in [3]



[3]
references in [3]

A
A
A
NA

German
German
English
English

GE

cont

German Bight with its Wadden Sea is seen as an important area for migrating birds as roosting and feeding grounds. Birds are migrating across the German Bight with rather unknown pattern with respect to used migration paths, migration heights and influences of weather conditions on flight behaviour. Investigations on these issues are required in Before-After-Impact Studies (ecological monitoring programmes) [2,3, refernces in 3]

Flight behaviour of stationary birds [2,3]:
*spatial intensity: how far?
*frequency: how often?
*general flight behaviour (hight, paths, weather influence)
Some knowledge available from Dutch and Danish investigations (see references in [3]) however behaviour best known during breeding time.

Bird populations well known for summer time deficits for winter time [2]

Boundaries of Important Bird Areas IBAs are not yet well defined. Legally, according to EU regulations, those areas that might qualify for IBA shall be treated as IBA until a decision has been met whether they become official IBA's or not [3]

[2],[3]
references in [3]






[2],[3]
references in [3]

[2],


[3]

A

A

Ger

Ger

NL

2

Possible effects :

*Low flying, foraging birds could collide with rotating blades, especially in foggy weather. Rotor turbulence could also a cause of accidents.

*This effect is permanent. Birds could avoid the Windpark area after a while, getting accustomed to the new situation.

*Migrating birds (larger amount) often fly at higher altitude and will encounter less disadvantages of the Windpark.

*The negative effects on foraging birds is small on regional ecosystem scale. On migrating birds, having their flight path often near the coast line, the effect of a near shore windpark might be larger.

*Study on combined effects of movement and sound of windturbines on birds is done earlierⁱ

This is the most important environmental factor according to the government ⁱⁱ.

Reports with ^{ii iii iv}

Yes (all)

NL (all)

BE

1

Distance from shore is important parameter. Insufficient information available on bird migration behaviour away from coastline.

UK

2

Need to avoid migratory paths and habitats of national or international importance (RSPB main authority). Environmental Impact Study (EIS) must address avian issues in detail, particularly if this is not the case.

1

Y

IR

2

Through careful siting of turbines and investigations of populations and behavioural patterns, the effects of wind turbines on birds can be minimised. Do not site in main bird flight path. Impacts on migrating birds are of particular concern.

[1],[2] drawing on [3],[4],[5], [6],[7] & [8]

only [1] & [2] A

English

FR

1

High dependance of the location (distance to the seashore) and of the presence of fish.

Little existing knowledge on sea birds : requires specific methodology and equipment (boat)

Study for Breedt offshore wind farm, Greet Ing., 1999-2000

Identification of offshore sites in Languedoc, Meridionalis, 2000

N (authorization needed)

A

French

French

IT

2

Only considerations for semi-offshore farms after installation

No nex

GR

2

Main considerations concern endangered species living onshore

15, 16, 17

N(*)

GR

SP

1

High importance in Estrecho de Gibraltar in Cdiz. As no windfarm is installed in Spain the information is not available.

Huelva Harbour: Just beginning the environmental impact study.

N

PL

2

Poland lies on some major routes for migrating birds from Scandinavian countries and Baltic countries

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

1.b Sea mammals

DK

3

In addition to larger projects, the authorities responsible for the environment ask for an assessment of the local mammal population.

Only a very few reports in Danish

A

DK

SE

3

To avoid impacts on two grey-seal colonies was a key-factor in the struggle for permission at the Bockstigen/Valar site. Following conditions were given. Counting and observation of sealbehavior before starting construction, during construction and two years after start of operation.

The report concludes: There is no evidence that windturbines affect or impact the seals in any respect.

Sundberg & Sderman Windpower and grey seals:

An impact assessment of potential efects by sea-based windpower plants on a local seal population. Department of Animal Ecology Uppsala University

y

English

FI

2

Influence on seals important but conclusions can be drawn from Swedish projects. If building on small rocks and islands in the archipelago this question will be very important.

GE

2

[4] expects possible loss of habitat due to disturbance mainly through noise emmission from turbines and from construction- & maintainance vessels and equipment (piling); noise reception of the sea mammals not sufficiently quantifiable;

According to [3] impact may rise from noise or visual impact, however, degree of impact unknown. In [3] a source is quoted that common and grey seals do not seem to be significantly disturbed; suggestion is to avoid sensible areas and to perform Before-After-Impact Studies (ecological monitoring programmes)

[1],[4]




[3]
references in [3]

A




A

N/A

German




English

NL

3

The presence of vibrations could affect the sonar system to retrieve food.

*This effect is permanent , but expected to be limited, both locally and regionally.

BE

3

UK

2

Study will be needed based on existing records of mammal populations necessary in EIS. Possibly also supplemented by surveys before, during and after construction.

1

Y

IR

1

Seismic surveys, construction and operating noise may disturb whales and dolphins. Assess use of proposed sites by mammals, review need for seismic surveys. Minimise duration and quantity of noise during construction. Quantify, minimise and monitor underwater noise levels during operation.

FR

2

Potential influence of low frequency sound emission

Study for Breedt offshore wind farm, Greet Ing.1999-2000

N

French

IT

3

Only considerations for offshore farms after installation

No nex

GR

1

Specific protection areas for sea mammals (e.g. monachus-monachus seal in West Aegean Sea, sea turtles in Ionian Sea)

14, 15, 16, 20

N(*)

GR

SP

3

Not high importance in Cadiz. Begining studies in Huelva.

N

PL

3

There are only a few seals in the Polish part of the sea

N

1.c Fish

DK

3

Foundations act as natural reef and seem to increase fish life, but see Conflicts of interest

A few reports about specific sites, e.g. Ref. Nr. 4 and 5

A

DK, UK

SE

3

Very few studies. The existing windfarms are erected in areas with no or very little fish. A study is made about the impacts on fish in the first offshore windpowerproject in the world 1 x 220 kW WindWorld outside Nogersund, Blekinge.

FI

2

Conclusions can be drawn from Swedish projects

GE

2

[1] expects possible loss of habitat due to disturbance mainly through noise emmission from turbines and from construction- & maintainance vessels and equipment (piling); noise reception of fish yet totally unknown - not uantifiable; negative impact on fish larvae through water turbidity and sedimentation; another impact may arise from electric and magnetic fields around cables.

[5, 3] generally see final scientific evaluation of impact on fish disabled by lack of demonstration plants offshore that might serve as a study base; sedimantation and turbidity of water has only temporary impact; population of fish might change due to changed biotope by placing foundations (hard substrates) of wind turbines on the sea bed; hard substrates are considered uncommon in the North Sea; fishing will not be allowed in the wind farms leading to a resort for fish and its larvae

[1],






[5],
[3]
references in [3]

A






NA
A
NA

German






German
English

NL

2

The negative effect of Vibrations will also encountered here.

*The absence of fishery and shipping in and around the windpark will probably result in a safe area to rest and breed. This will affect the fish population in a positive way. Successively, foraging birds could also take advantage of this effect.

BE

2

Effect may be positive or negative depending on complex food chain interactions.

UK

2

Effect of vibration on fish less well understood than on mammals. Study based on existing records of fish stocks and experience on other offshore projects necessary in EIS. Possibly also supplemented by surveys before, during and after construction.

1

Y

IR

1

Use artificial reefs to improve habitat for fishery species. Shield and bury electrical cables appropriately to minimise electro-magnetic impacts on fisheries. Projects should seek to minimise the effect of structures and cabling on existing stocks, their food sources and spawning activity.

[1],[2]

A

English

FR

1

Impact on fisheries : the presence of offshore wind farms will limit the territory for fishermen

IT

2

considerations for offshore and semioffshore farms during construction and after installation

No nex

GR

3

The effects of LSOWE on fish fauna is considered limited. However there might arise conflicts with fishing industry (see 2.d)

5, 10

N(*)

GR

SP

3

No studies available.

Information about fishing interesting areas in Secretara General de Pesca Martima (Agriculture, Fishing and Food Ministery) and autonomic comunities

Silvia Revenga

Tfno: 34 914025000

A

Spanish and English

PL

3

There is an opinion that wind turbines bases are good for fish

N

1.d Marine biology (sea bed vegetation and fauna)

DK

3

Foundations act as natural reef and introduces fauna

See above

A

DK

SE

3

No evidence of impact is found on marine biology in the Bockstigen/Valar project or the Utgrunden project. There were fears of of sedimentation of seabed before both projects because of lots of silt and mud from the monopile drilling. A little sedimentation could be seen around the monopiles the first days after drilling at the Bockstigen project. It disappeared and diluted completely after the first storm. The problem was totally avoided at Utgrunden as the monopiles were hammered down.

FI

3

Important but depending on site. Offshore construction in general has not taken this into consideration.

GE

2

[1, 5, 3] expect possible loss of habitat and individuals due construction activities i.e. piling foundations will cause sedimentation covering benthos; changes in sediment structure may rise from changed water flow around foundations; also artificial hard substrates(foundations) might cause changes to the biotope structure different species might find better conditions as in areas without hard substrate and with fishing activities going on.

Judgements on quality (good or bad) and quantity of the possible impacts are debatable and not well known yet

[1]
[6]
[3]
references in [3]

A
A
A
NA

German

German
English

NL

2

*Seabed vegetation and fauna will suffer mostly during the construction phase. But this is not a permanent effect. Also here, the absence of fishery and shipping will have a local positive effect. The presence of the construction on the sea bottom could also have positive effect on some habitants.

BE

2

UK

2

Vindeby (DK) study indicates positive impact on local populations due to artificial reef effect. EIS will have to address and surveys are likely to be necessary.

1

Y

IR

1

Research is ongoing, information not fully collated on the underwater ecology of sand banks. Footprint of turbine foundations and cables, traffic, electromagnetic radiation, noise may reduce abundance and diversity of seabed life. Design windfarm to maintain or improve habitats for species of importance.

[1],[2]

A

English

FR

2

Very site dependant (benthos)

Study for Breedt offshore wind farm, In Vivo, 1999-2000

IT

1

considerations for offshore and semioffshore farms during construction

No nex

GR

3

5

N(*)

GR

SP

3

Not available studies

PL

3

1.e Hydrography

DK

1

Site dependent, but no observations indicating problems

No

SE

3

No studies. The risk of impacts on hydrography is minimal while using monopiles. The monopiles are only 3-4 m in diameter and the distance between them will be 3-600 m.

Maybe it is a risk of impacts on current if much bigger concrete foundations are used, although it is not very probable.

FI

3

Largely done by now. Only some parts not mapped.

http://www.fma.fi/english/index.html

Y

GE

-

NL

3

BE

3

UK

2

Detailed modelling may be necessary depending on size of project, proximity to shore, shallowness of water and general sensitivity of local hydrography

1

Y

IR

1

Design foundations to minimise scouring, erosion and sediment redistribution

[2]

A

English

FR

2

IT

2

GR

2

SP

1

Not available studies

PL

2

1.f Sea bed

DK

3

Covers existing fauna, but look 1.d

No

SE

3

Removal of WECS after finished operating period should be prepared

FI

3

GE

3

no major impact expected

[3]
references in [3]

A

English

NL

3

BE

2

Seabed stability against drifting could be important

UK

2

As above but must also consider construction and decommissioning phases as well as sub-sea cables

1

Y

IR

1

Scouring of the seabed can be a serious issue with gravity caisson type foundations

[1]

A

English

FR

1

Risk of scouring on sand banks : difficulty to calculate maximum scour and/or guarantee the efficiency of protection

Laboratoire National dHydraulique (EDF), 2000

N (authorization needed)

French

IT

3

Some cases only during construction

MiddleGrunden Dk

y

GR

3

SP

3

Not available studies

PL

3

1.g Sea currents

DK

2

Only important at special locations

A few reports about specific sites

A

DK

SE

3

See 1e

FI

3

GE

3

no major impact expected

[3]
references in [3]

A

English

NL

3

can cause changes, which can effect fish-spawning grounds and insect larvae development (fish food)

^iv

BE

2

Constitutes an extra forcing input for dynamic analysis

UK

2

As in 1f

1

Y

IR

1

Design foundations and footprint of area to minimise alteration to current flow. The typical low ration between turbine foundation diameter to inter turbine spacing means effects on overall tidal current flows should be low

[1],[2]

A

English

FR

2

Induce loads on foundations

Laboratoire National dHydraulique (EDF), 2000

N (authorization needed)

French

IT

2

Some cases only during construction

Bostigen SW

y

GR

3

SP

2

Not available studies

PL

3

1.h Water quality

DK

3

No information

No

SE

3

No risks

FI

1

The state of the Baltic Sea is alarming but wind power could hardly affect that.

GE

3

as sedimantation processes and trubidity of water only arises during construction phase water quality is not seen as a problem

[3]
references in [3]

A

English

NL

3

BE

3

UK

2

Project must minimise risk of contamination during construction operation and decommissioning. Must be addressed in detail in EIS.

1

Y

IR

1

Concerns exist regarding waste generation and disposal during construction and maintenance

[2]

A

English

FR

3

IT

2

Salt content-corrosion offshore structures

General

y

GR

3

SP

-

Not available studies

PL

3

1.i Visual effect both seen from land (specify distance) and offshore

DK

1

Especially coast near

In general in DK 8 km from land then minor importance see conflicts of interest, 2.5.2.

Different examples of visualizations, e.g. Ref. Nr. 8

DK/UK

SE

2

Can not be avoided. The issue should be carefully considered during the planning period. Key-factors: 1. Distance from coast 2. Avoid coastal areas known for their magnificient sceneries! 3. Use efforts upon educating people in the necessity of off-shore windpower and how people can benefit from it. 4. The planning process must be very open and careful. 5. Start with smaller demonstration projects.

FI

1

This is the most important question. (One opinion by a regional environment authority was that wind turbines must not be seen from ferry lines.!)

N

GE

2

[1] sees intrusive impact to landscape due to the fact that wind turbines represent technical buildings in an otherwise structureless landscape

visual impact is a matter of the viewers taste [3]


visual impact must be considered when developments are to take place in the coastal zone [7,3 ] i.e. rather close to the shore line recreational use might be impacted negatively and also general landscape conservation must be considered

most developments are expected to take place in the 200-Miles zone (?Exclusive Economic Use Zone? German term translated) i.e. beyond the 12 sea miles border and with large distances from shore visibility is very low with distances larger than 45 km visibility is nill, hence no visual impact to shore based observer

[1]


statement from Greenpeace Int.

[7]




[3]

A


NA


A

German





German

NL

1 (tourism)

A comment which seems to reflect the general opinion is: 'the near-shore windfarm has a negative impact on the landscape and possible birds. This can be reduced by moving further offshore, using smaller turbines, building a smaller windfarm and switching off the turbines when birds are flying passed^iv

The windfarm's visual impact could also have positive impacts on the visiting public, though a visitor centre, trips to see the windfarm from the coast and on boat trips.

A public opinion survey concluded that visual intrusion was the most important impact factor but wouldn't necessarily result in fewer visits to the affected location.^v

BE

1

UK

1

If at all visible from land, the effect on the environment and economy (e.g. tourism) of the coastal area must be assessed. Effect on offshore viewpoints is primarily related to safety (e.g. visibility, distraction effect)

1

Y

IR

3

Offshore generating stations will not as a general rule, be allowed within 5 km of the shore but applicants may make a case for such if they consider that the proposed construction will not interfere unduly with the visual amenity of the area in question (both seascape and landscape). Such applications will be subject to special consultation procedures.

[9]

A

English

FR

1

Dependant of the visibility (rough statistics available) : difficult to take in account in photomontages (blur effect ?)

IT

3

GR

1

Visual intrusion of great importance near recreational areas and/or coastal settlements

SP

-

Because of spanish sea depth, wind farms should be built near shore, hight visual effect from land.

PL

1

Wind power plants - are not included to a list of severely damaging the environment and/or influencing it negatively.

Society is rather democratic, and usually there are always parties which will compete with the public. Possible distance of 5 km from land.

The Decree of the Ministry of Environ-ment, 14th July 1998,

A

PL

1.j Noise impact (onshore and offshore)

DK

3

The general opinion is that noise is a problem, but in practice this is not a problem

Measurement reports

SE

2

Noise onshore from offshore windplants can not be heard provided the distance from shore is at least 3 km and good low-noise turbines are used. There is a risk that noise-problem will be considered as non-existing by the turbine manufacturers. Long distances-no noise problem. There is a motorwaylike murmuring in distances up to 1,5 km around a big windpark with 5-600 kW turbines - even longer at special weather conditions. The turbines are expected

to be 3- 5 MW size, offshore even more. The murmuring can then be heard maybe 7-8 km if no steps are taken to make big turbines low-noise.

FI

1

There is some strange noise propagation experienced offshore.

GE

2

noise impact on sea mammals and fish from turbine noise emitted into water is regarded as a fashionable area of interest; noise imissions into the North Sea are already large by now so it must be assumed that noise sensitive species have already left the area

airborne noise might be of equal importance as onshore considering developments rather close to shore and considering the possibility that noise may travel large distances over open water surfaces

oral information




authors opinion

NL

3

BE

3

UK

3

Visibility effect will typically drive turbines far enough from shore to give inaudible levels of noise. Assessment similar to that for land-based farms will, however, be necessary.

1

Y

IR

1

It is unlikely that airborne noise from offshore wind farms will be a major issue. The effects of underwater noise needs assessment in a site specific manner.

[1],[2]

A

English

FR

3

Except for low frequency noise and its impact on marine life (unknown)

IT

1

GR

1

Acoustic intrusion of great importance near recreational areas and/or coastal settlements

SP

-

NA

PL

1

Public is convinced that wind power generates significant levels of noise.

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

1.k Raw materials

DK

2

A few sites have been appointed to serve as raw material deposits, here no farms

Public sea maps

UK

SE

3

A simple inquiry to the special state-authority gives the answer if the site holds any important raw materials. Extracting of raw-materials for instance oil or gravel can be possible to doin combination with offshore windpowerproduction. There are possible synergies.

FI

3

GE

3

German coastal shelf is distributed into several areas with mining concessions for individual companies; these have the rights (company interest) and the obliagtion if considered necessary (public interest) to exploit possible fossil energy sources (s.a. oil and gas); companies have probed their areas and have partly found oil or gas; exploitation however is currently economically unattractive

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority

NL

3

BE

3

UK

3

Case for good net energy balance and effective use of raw materials must be made in EIS.

1

Y

IR

-

FR

?

IT

1

GR

3

8

Y

GR

SP

-

NA

PL

2

Exploration of crude oil on the Polish part of the sea

1.l Marine archeology

DK

2

Must be examined as all other constructon works can result in delay of project

No

SE

3

Sometimes a study is needed .

FI

3

GE

3

could be a problem if wind farm site coincides with site of archaeological interest; prior scanning of the area of interest could avoid these problems

[3]
references in [3]

NL

3

possibility of damage to ship-wrecks, these are marked in ^{vi via ii and iv}

BE

3

UK

3

Some listed wrecks (e.g. war graves) but typically in deeper water than is envisaged for wind farms

IR

1

The National Monuments Acts (1930-1994) make extensive provision for the protection and preservation of national monuments, historic monuments and archaeological areas. These acts operate in addition to the planning controls and are relevant as they apply to the sea bed, which is outside of the jurisdiction of the planning authority. Many shipwreck sites in the shallow underwater banks and shoals around the coast are under protection.

[1],[2]

FR

3

IT

2

GR

1

Specific areas of archeological interest (e.g. Northern Crete, Central Aegean) where interventions on terrain are prohibited

SP

-

NA

PL

2

Many wrecks of ships

1.m Recreational areas

DK

1

8 km from sea shore, see 2.5.2.

Danish law about use of the coastal zone

DK

SE

3

If the planning process has been good enough there will not be any problems.

FI

1

The Finnish coastline is full of summer cottages and recreational areas. Boating is very popular in summertime, including picnics to the outer archipelago. Wind turbines will be both liked and disliked under theese circumstances, as always.

GE

2

see visual impact

NL

3

only with respect to visual impact at beach (see 1.i); little impact at the location itselfⁱⁱ

BE

2

UK

2

As 1I

IR

-

FR

1

Very sensitive to locations : wind wall effect

Offshore in Normandy, 2000

Offshore in Brittany, 2000

IT

3

GR

1

Visual intrusion is of great importance near recreational areas and/or coastal settlements

SP

-

Wind farms near shore, problems with beach and recreational areas in countries both with a tourism based economy or depressed.

PL

1

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

1.n

NL

From several studies in the past the local and regional effects are qualitatively clear.

The magnitude of impact on the environment is often not determinable yet and differs from place to place.

GR

Environmental Policy-Legislation

1-4, 6,7, 19

N(*)

GR

2. Conflicts of Interest : Please specify national experiences and/or considerations concerning conflicts of interest in relation to Offshore Wind Farms during construction and after installation in relation to the topics listed below:

Importance

Main Conclusions

References

A/N

Language

2.a Effect on traffic: ships

DK

1

Avoid official ship routes

Afmrkning af Danske Farvande (Buoying Danish Waters, 6th revised version, 2000)

A

DK

SE

2

There must be lots of discussions and cooperation during planning period with cost guards and the Sjfartsverket (shipping board). Offshore windfarms will be located on reefs, banks and other shallow waters which must be avoided by at least big ships. Thus good planned offshore windparks can contribute to the maritime safety

The Swedish Shipping Board have produced guidelines for location and illumination of windturbines in Swedish waters.

A

Swedish

FI

2

This is a technical siting limitation.

GE

1

as the German Bight has very dense ship traffic a study on collision risk is necessary and currently being carried out

[8]

N

NL

1

was reason why proposed location for Near-shore Windpark was moved from IJmuiden to Egmont.^iv

Windfarms must avoid traffic lanes, plus cable routes must avoid locations where ships may lay anchor while waiting to enter harbours. ^iv

Lely windfarm (in the IJsselmeer) has coloured stripes plus warning lights for ships (located about 1 km of a harbour entrance) ^vii

BE

1

Marine traffic safety issues should be investigated. Also possibility for severe environmental damage in case of oil carrier collisions with wind turbines. Insufficient information on damage mechanisms.

UK

1

Existing rights of navigation must be safeguarded required as part of permitting

1,2

Y,N

IR

1

Certain areas will be prohibited for use as offshore wind farm sites where protection of established shipping lanes demand it. These are listed in reference [9].

As offshore structures are a potential hazard to marine navigation, it is imperative that they be marked properly and effectively, in accordance with international guidelines. The commissioner of Irish Lights and local ports authority should be consulted, in this regard.

There are some concerns regarding the need to alter existing sea traffic routes and the increased collision risk which may be mitigated by avoiding construction of wind farms near major navigation routes.

[9]

[2]

A

English

FR

1

The offshore wind farm has to be away from maritime routes (presence of an other sand bank between the wind farm and the maritime route)

Breedt offshore, EED, 2000

IT

3

GR

1

Frequent traffic on the islands especially during spring-summer. LSOWE installations might require reconsideration of routes

Ministry for Shipping

SP

1

No problems in Cadiz and Huelva.

Traffic ship information at

www.mfom.es/documentacion/top_documentacion.html

www.mfom.es/marinamercante/top_marina.html

A

Spanish and English

PL

1

Polish coast has several major routes connecting Scandinavian countries and Poland

N

2.b Effect on traffic: air traffic

DK

2

Turbines must be below 150 m for usual navigation

?

SE

-

FI

2

This is a technical siting limitation.

GE

3

no major effect expected with large developments at large distances to shore

oral information
and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

2

avoid landing strips and potential location for proposed offshore airport ^iv.

The negative impacts are obstruction plus potentially additional turbulence, avionics and landing gear and pilot psychology, but none of these have been investigated scientifically ^iv.

BE

UK

1

Siting must be approved by Civil Aviation Authority. Helicopter routes may be major concern for some offshore areas.

1

Y

IR

1

Certain areas will be prohibited for use as offshore wind farm sites where protection of air navigation demands it. The Irish Aviation Authority should be consulted.

[9]

A

English

FR

2

Beaconing day and night like onshore sites

IT

1

GR

1

SP

3

No information

PL

1

The Ministry of Transport for civil aviation

The Ministry of Defense for air force

A

2.b.i Marking lights

DK

1

Helicopter rescue service makes demands about very visible marking lights, which may reduce public acceptance if carried out

Two-year committee work just started

SE

2

Marking lights and the location of those marking lights are important issues. Rescuing with helicopters can be necessary in a windpark. Then turbulent wakes behind big windturbines makes a considerable risk for loosing control of the helicopter. The phenomenon has been observed at the Bockstigen site even with the small turbines on that site with 37 m rotor and 40 m hub height.

The illumination must be studied in connection with the visual impact. Safety aspects are of course the first, but good illumination for safety is best if it is beautiful at the same time.

Too much marking lights can make a risk for migrating birds. They cause orientation problems for the birds.

FI

2

Needed on nacelle top but has negative impact on birds.

GE

3

for buildings larger than 100m marking lights are mandatory

national regulation

N

NL

not a requirement for aircraft currently

BE

3

No specific requirements

UK

1

May be required for vessels and aircraft

1

Y

IR

1

No prescriptive conditions - it is imperative that they be marked properly and effectively, in accordance with international guidelines

[9]

A

English

FR

-

IT

3

GR

1

The illumination should clearly demarcate the outer dimensions of each machine and the entire plant. Related standards for onshore wind farms available

Ministry of Traffic, Commercial Aviation Service

SP

3

No information

PL

2

Lights are obligatory

2.b ii. Colors

DK

1

see above

Ibid

SE

3

The widespread use of good navigation equipments, radar,GPS etc can be mentioned here. It makes it less important to paint the turbines in bright and shining colours which is positive for the visual impact.

FI

3

In some cases red blade tips has been used but nowadays nacelle lights is accepted.

GE

3

for wind turbines larger than 100m signal colours on the blades are mandatory

national regulation

N

NL

not a requirement for aircraft currently

BE

3

No specific requirements

UK

1

May be required for vessels and aircraft

1

Y

IR

1

No prescriptive conditions - it is imperative that they be marked properly and effectively, in accordance with international guidelines

[9]

A

English

FR

-

IT

2

GR

2

Related standards for onshore wind farms available

SP

3

No information

PL

2

No regulations

2.c Defense

DK

3

Only problem at a few known sites

Official navigation maps. Most area restrictions are shown on navigation maps

A

UK

SE

-

FI

1

The military owns large parts of the coast, the archipelago and the sea. There is a decision not to allow wind turbine installations on army areas. One conclusion is that this is a temporary decision that can be withdrawn when wind energy is more common. The army does not want their areas to be a demonstration site with huge public interest. Nor do they want the eventual discussion on pros and cons of WE to be related to their sites and activities.

N

GE

2

NL

-

BE

UK

1

Siting must be approved by MOD

1

Y

IR

1

Certain areas used by the Department of Defence as gunnery, bombing or firing ranges are prohibited, listed in [9]

[9]

A

English

FR

-

IT

3

GR

1

SP

1

No information. Difficult access

PL

1

2.c i. radio/radar

DK

2

Towers can disturb radio signals but problems can be avoided by links

No

SE

1

Very suitable areas for offshore windpower are closed because of defence interests. Good studies are needed to show that windpower and national defence can co-exist and still better to show that windpower is a part of the total national defence.

A big Swedish study concerning impacts on radar and radio system is finalised this year.

FI

1

Not presently known.

GE

2

there are considerations that are concerned with scatter effects on ship radar

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority

--

NL

3

BE

1

Highly dependend on location

UK

2

Siting must be cleared by CAA, MOD and/or DTI Radcom

IR

-

FR

1

Real impact on radar used for marine safety. Impact equivalent to a mid sized boat

Breedt offshore, THOMSON DETEXIS, 1999

IT

3

GR

2

SP

3

No information

PL

2

There are radio/radar stations on the coast

2.c ii. training grounds

DK

1

Impossible to move these areas, but they are well-known

No

SE

1

See above

FI

1

Will not be accepted.

GE

2

there are large areas designated as training grounds while training ground status does not exclude traffic or fishing use; this will change with wind farm installations as they will discard these areas for military training use

this represents a matter of political will whether or not to give up military training grounds for offshore wind energy use.

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority

and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

2

Will preclude certain areas. Egmont is an ex-military area, which was released for other use. ^iv

BE

3

UK

2

MOD may object in specific training areas (firing ranges, low flying zones) or in specific air corridors.

1

Y

IR

-

FR

3

No feasibility for wind farms

IT

2

GR

1

Restricted areas near borders and on remote islands of the Aegean/Ionian Seas

Ministry of Defense

SP

2

No information

PL

1

Major grounds for training on the southern coast of the Baltic sea

2.d Fishing interests

DK

1

Important for acceptance. Fishing organizations claim losses, but can be paid.

No

SE

2.

Important spawning areas must be avoided. But with careful planning windturbie foundations can serve good as artificial reefs

Report to Swedish national survey on offshore windpower.

n

Swedish

FI

1

Trawling might limit possibilities. Also some flatfish interest might limit the use of banks and low water depths.

GE

2

loss of fishing grounds must probably financially be compensated for

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

1

Can be resolved with compensation ^iv.

BE

1

Major public opinion issue

UK

1

Important interest-group with substantial public sympathy and a lot of power to disrupt projects

IR

2

There are concerns regarding loss of trawling ground, loss of areas for pot fishing, damage to spawning grounds resulting in economic loss to fishermen with consequent social impacts. The policy of the Minister of the Marine and Natural Resources is to maximise the value of offshore resources to the State, and to protect the rights of other users. In this regard, He will have regard for competing demands in granting leases.

[2],[9]

A

English

FR

1

Conflict in use of the sea. Very power ful lobby (one boat can block the port of Dunkerque or Calais !)

IT

2

GR

1

Nearshore fish farms, fishing navigation

Ministry for Shipping

SP

PL

2

Entire coat is a ground for small fisheries

N

2.e Bird interests (designated areas)

DK

1

Important in relation to acceptance restricted areas are to be avoided. Still discussion about how far away from the area border farms can be placed

Maps

SE

2

See 1a. Even if there is no evidence of impact on birdlife it will give provocing signals if developers want to use special designated areas for birds.

FI

1

Is a limiting factor. Bird interest also important outside designated areas.

GE

1

biggest problem here is that the Important Bird Areas have not yet been officially designated

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

1

see previous

BE

2

UK

RSPB will be key consultee in areas where avian issues are of importance.

1

Y

IR

1

Designated areas for the protection of birds are not specifically excluded for offshore wind farms currently.

[9]

A

English

FR

3

No feasibility for wind farms

IT

2

GR

2

Main considerations concern endangered species living onshore

15, 16, 17

N(*)

GR

SP

No studies available. Information about organisations

www.seo.org

PL

1

Vistula peninsula is a region for several species of birds in the region, these either will stay at that location or will deteriorate

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

2.f

NL

2

Cables and Pipelines:

1km maintenance-access corridor needed around pipelines and power/communication cables (both existing and prospective). Avoid the four locations where pipelines are allowed to landfall. ^iv

3

Dredging :

extraction of sand and dumping of canal-dredging waste

can be accommodated Error! Bookmark not defined.

BE

Designated RAMSAR areas should be excluded for Windparks

UK

1

2.f Coastal amenity :

Wind turbines must be assessed and shown to have acceptable effect on amenity

Grid connection will have to be assessed and shown to have acceptable effect on amenity and environment

Construction, maintenance and decommissioning work will have to be assessed and shown to have acceptable effect on amenity and environment

1

Y

IR

1

Dump sites :

Licensed dump sites for the disposal of dredge spoil will be prohibited

[9]

A

English

GR

1

Oil drilling :

Oil platforms (Northern Aegean Sea)

Ministry of Development

3. Social Acceptance (Public Acceptance and Press Reactions): Please specify national experiences and/or considerations concerning social acceptance regarding Offshore Wind Farms during construction and after installation in relation to the topics listed below:

Main Conclusions

References

A/N

Language

3.a Does the acceptance in general differ from the reactions known from onshore farms?

DK

Positive in Denmark compared to onshore

No

SE

Bockstigen/Valar. Very high acceptance all the time.

Utgrunden: Still better acceptance. Very good opinion and very good press.

Yttre Stengrund: The constructionperiod has just started. The acceptance has been very good during the planningperiod.

Klasrden (a 42 MW windfarm under planning outside the Nsudden peninsula): Some criticism because of vicinity to the shore (2 km to the nearest turbine)

In general offshore windpower is more accepted than onshore.

FI

1

Yes and no! Some oppose onland WE and wants it offshore, other the opposite.

Offshore is not out of everyone's sight. I.e. summer recreation.

GE

Generally not: the closer the more concerned not in my back yard phenomenon

reaction of public living close to development i.e. island communities is rather sceptic with the expectation of negative impact on the touristic attractiveness of the islands

otherwise people living far from coast have mostly no or a positive conception of the issue; positive feelings arise from a rather high environmental awareness in Germany and the wish to avoid fossil fuels

oral information
and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

generally similar; the main points are impact of birds and landscape

BE

General attitude seems to be somewhat more positive towards off-shore wind energy. Nevertheless NIMBY syndrome exists locally, especially due to fishery interests.( Watch for the BANANA syndrome : Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anybody)

UK

Too early to judge, as only Blyth Harbour (2 turbines) has been realised to date.

IR

Some of those who object to onshore wind farms see offshore wind farms as the solution due to the reduction in visual impact. This may change as the farms are developed offshore.

FR

Not really, but different public : marine people are less aware about energetic issues especially offshore (develop first onshore is a main issue in France).

Difficulty linked to the fact that terrestrian developers know nothing about the sea and its harsch environment. Lack of communication because of no common language.

Development of offshore projects in Normandy, Brittany, Mediterranee and North Sea, 1998-2000

A

French

IT

GR

There are no LSOWE plants installed yet. Onshore WE installations have not caused remarkable public reactions yet, as wind energy is exploited up to date in less frequented or uninhabited areas.

9, 11, 12

N(*)

GR

SP

Not available data

PL

Not yet known

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

3.b How is the organization behind offshore wind farms?

DK

Mostly utility owned, but efforts to involve cooperatives in order to raise public consciousness about energy and environment.

No

SE

Development by small developing companies like Vindkompaniet and Eurowind. Constructing by german or danish windturbine manufacturers. Financing by private investors.

FI

1

Largely bit utilities that can afford large EIAs but lack "real" local connection.

GE

mostly private investors, some companies noted at stock exchange

oral information
and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

business consortia

BE

Currently known projects are developed by consortia consisting of utilities, offshore contracting companies and wind energy developers.

UK

IR

The planned offshore wind farms will be privately owned, in some cases consortia. The Irish Wind Energy Association recently established an Offshore Committee to promote and support the development of offshore wind energy in Ireland.

[10]

A

English

FR

The main problem is that there is no rule for building permission. A study has been launched in Languedoc Roussillon in order to define a framework for authorization.

IT

GR

SP

Not available data

PL

No any offshore farm at all hence difficult to predict.

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

3.c. Does public involvement influence on public acceptance?

DK

We think so, but have no investigations to confirm this assertion.
The Middelgrunden offshore farm has received broader acceptance than many wind Farms in Denmark we believe the explanation to be the public involvement in the cooperative.

No

SE

Yes

FI

1

Not experienced

GE

no experience available as there has been no wind farm built yet

financial involvement might be more difficult than onshore as investment volumes are expected to be much larger offshore, if a positive effect is to be achieved local public must become involved in the projects

oral information
and authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

not known

BE

Unknown

UK

IR

FR

Yes. An offshore requires the support from all terrestrian communities : local community, General Council (department), Regional Council (region). But public is not involved directly in the project (no specific law ind France for public involvment).

IT

GR

SP

Not available data

PL

Yes

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

3.d

FI

3.c ii. How is the public acceptance in relation to environmental impacts? (Please specify cases):

1Not yet offhsore experiences.

On land the next to the closest neighbor to a windfarm has lifted a case. All other neighbors (~20) are in favor.

Some summer residents have objected to other installed windfarms but cases have been overthrown.

In Espoo, outside Helsinki, an initiative was withdrawn after fierce opposition by neighboring summer residents. This has happened also elsewhere.

3.d

Barriers obstructing development of RES including offshore power

onshore and offshore :

Legal and financial barriers

Lack of applicable legal solutions describing the strategy in the RES utilisation, Inadequate economical mechanisms, particularly fiscal ones, Relatively high investment costs of RES technologies

Information barriers

Lack of general access to information about distribution of energy potential of particular kinds of renewable energy, Lack of information on manufacturing companies and design engineers and consultants from that area, Lack of generally accessible information on procedures in entering investments, typical costs and benefits from RES utilisation

Lack of state-of-the-art knowledge on RES

Insufficient amount of domestic organisations involved in the process of serial production of equipment utilising the renewable energy,

Lack of tax preferences for imports and exports of equipment utilising the renewables

Educational barriers

Inadequate scope of educational curricula, Lack of educational and training programmes on RES addressed to interested parties

Principle of landscape preservation barriers

Lack of developed methods of refraining conflicts with the protection of environment and landscape

4. Politics: Please specify national experiences and/or considerations concerning politics regarding Offshore Wind Farms during construction and after installation in relation to the topics listed below:

Main Conclusions

References

A/N

Language

4.a How is the general reaction and attitude to offshore wind farms?

DK

Positive

No

SE

Positive except when developers propose provocative projects in highly appreciated recreational areas.

FI

1

The general opinion is in favor but there is a nimby effect. Opposition not organised but loud.

GE

authors perception of the discussion

--

NL

* Positive : The Government has planned to provide 10% of the total energy consumption by renewable energy by the year 2020. The contribution of wind energy is about 2750 MW, and 40-50% of this must be offshore.

To create a deeper insight concerning the environmental impacts, among other things, several study projects were done in the recent past.

* Many eco-organisations, local as well as international, are participating in these studies. Their attitude is generally positive within a certain corridor of environmental requirements.

Imp. : High.

Report ^viii

Y

Yes

BE

Important political support for off-shore wind energy development (and for renewable energy development in general).

UK

Much more positive than in the case of on-shore wind farms but it is difficult to judge as developments are at a very early stage.

IR

None built yet but political support does exist in general. No specific targets for offshore wind energy yet.

[9],[11]

A

English

FR

Appears as a new frontier and a technological challenge for terrestrian politics.

Why in the sea for marine organizations.

IT

3

GR

SP

Very bad attitude in Cadiz.

No problems in Huelva

PL

Rather positive. A positive response due to a rather scarce knowledge on wind energy in general.

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

4.b Which national planning rules and regulations do exist?

DK

Planned 4000 MW utility owned and 150 MW owned by cooperatives

Ref. Nr. 9

Ref Nr. 1

The Danish National Budget 2001

A

A

A

UK

UK

DK

SE

Under construction. A study was recently initiated by the government with aims to make standards for the future offshore windpower. A number of pilot projects are planned and the intention is to follow these carefully during the whole planning and construction-process.

The governmental directives are available.

FI

1

EIA requested from >50 MW power plants. Suggested for > 10 MW wind farms.

Regional planning authorities.

Protected areas

Local planning permission needed. (Depending on regional land use plan)

National "Waters Act"

"Environmental Protection Act"

http://www.pvo.fi/merituuli/svenska/index.asp

www.vuh.fi

A

GE

Within 12 to 200 miles zone the national authority for sea traffic and hydrography is the entity for permissions, legal basis is the international bill of sea rights together with a national regulation for building and operation of plants in the 12 to 200 miles zone

for developments near shore and grid connection through coastal sea the regional governments of the german countries bordering the North Sea are the permitting authorities, regional planning procedures are required in which all relevant national laws and regulations are to be applied may be rather time consuming

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority and authors perception of the discussion


[9]

--




A

German

NL

* There are practically no Dutch reg&rules existing for LSOWE outside the 12-mile-zone. This could be positive or negative depending on political will.

* Within the 12-mile-zone:

WBR-licence (Wet Beheer Rijkswaterstaatwerken) and

WM-licence (Wet Milieubeheer).

^viii pg.16

No

BE

Off-shore wind energy legal framework is clearly defined, in :

  Law on concessions for off-shore wind and wave energy plants (as part of general electricity regulation law).

  Law on (environmental) authorisations for all off-shore installations

  Law on environmental impact reporting for all off-shore installations

Some remaining uncertainties due to necessity of regional autorisations for grid connection.

UK

Procedure for obtaining consents is being formulated and probably includes [2,3] but may also include [4,5,6]

Bidding procedure for obtaining site lease from Crown Estates (landowner) is underway

2,3,4,5,6

N

IR

Procedures for applying for foreshore licenses (to investigate site suitability) and foreshore leases (to develop wind farms) published.

Planning permission required from relevant local authority for onshore infrastructure associated with offshore wind farms.

[9]

A

English

FR

No specific rules. Our work is taken as a guide for future rules (like for onshore wind farms in the 80s)

IT

3

Oilplatforms

GR

Legislation for RES applies also to LSOWE

22, 23, 24

A

GR

SP

Neither national off-shore plans nor regulations

PL

Very broad planning rules of the Construction Law referring to constructions at sea, Energy Law pointing at the necessity of implementation of renewable resources.

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

Energy Law

Construction Law

A

PL

4.c Which national incentives do exist and how have they worked? (Give a brief evaluation)

DK

1. Utilities are obligated to buy the energy produced by wind turbines
2. Payment guarantied for 10 years (0,43 DKK/kWh) but still uncertain whether this also counts for offshore turbines (green certificate market introduced)
3. Public support for feasibility studies for cooperatives
   
   

The uncertainty not knowing the prices (due to the introduction of green certificates) makes people reluctant.

Departmental order about Grid Connection

A

DK

SE

There are no earmarked incentives focused on offshore windpower.

The general support for introducing windpower in the powersystem is:

1.  Investment aid, 15% of the total investment in a windpower plant is paid as a state subsidy.

2.  Environmental bonus which is connected to the tax system for electric power , from 1 jan 2001, 0,181 SEK (0,02 EURO)

3.  Special support in order to make relief the consequences of fast decreasing power prices after deregulation 0,09 SEK (0,01 EURO)

4.  Right to connect a small scale power station to the electric grid (small scale < 1,5 MW)

5.  Special pay for decreasing losses in the electric grid up to 0,02 SEK (0,002 EURO).

A recent study initiated by government shall investigate how the above mentioned support system can be replaced of a green certificate system 1 Jan 2003.

Brief evaluation: The support system has been working the way it was intended to develop an annual production of 0,5 TWh electric power from wind- but it has not given the long time security which is needed to interest investors and creditors. For example, todays support system finishes 31 december 2002 with only promises of a new one which nobody knows how it will be designed.

Law and regulations texts edited by the Parliament, the Government and the energy Board

some

english

FI

3

Investement subsidy of 25-30 % given by the Ministry of Trade and Industry.

A part of the energy tax is refunded (0.04 FIM/kWh).

GE

There is no firm governmental planning to develop offshore wind energy in Germany; Germanys Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) [10] continues the reimbursement at a fixed feed-in tariff. The Development of wind energy in Germany under the umbrella of a fixed feed-in tariff system is seen as a major success and as an appropriate tool to develop a strong market. In the reformed EEG a specially raised tariff is foreseen during the first nine years of operation of an offshore wind farm. This regulation is limited to projects coming online before the end of 2006; no evaluation as of yet indication for attractiveness is the large number of projects applying for permissions in the German Bight

oral information at hearing organised by planning authority and authors perception of the discussion


[3,10]

NL

* System of Green Certificates : More stability in the renewable energy market, which is a main requirement for potential investors.

* Spotmarket mechanism combined with a Balancing Market in the Amsterdam Power Exchange will positively affect the windenergy market.

(ref. Funtionele eisen van offshore windparken, Kema, dec. 1998, pg. 15)

* Fiscal incentives: Subsidies, REB (eco-tax), Vamil, EIA

^viii pg.16

BE

Currently existing incentives are limited to IPPs and to projects smaller than 10 MW. A new system based on green certificate trading and a renewable energy quota with penalties for the 2 main Belgian regions ( Flanders and Wallonia)is expected soon.

Flemish decree from July 17 2000

Y (Dutch)

UK

Primary market is likely to be Licensed UK Electricity Suppliers to fulfil their Renewable Energy Obligation commitments. Internationally traded Green Certificates may also play a role. Current estimates are for net revenue of around 0.05 (Euro0.08) per kWh.

Capital grant budget recently announced of 39m from DTI plus 50m from National Lottery for offshore wind power (mainly) and biomass.

7

Y

IR

None currently, only for onshore wind farms. New announcement on incentives imminent which may include offshore wind energy.

FR

No specific incentive for offshore.

IT

3

Green certificates, region structural funds

GR

i) Subvention of up to 50% of the capital investment, ii) subsidization of loan interest, iii) tax-exemptions

SP

No differences with onshore farms.

PL

None.

Seminar Wind Power Onshore and Offshore

A

PL

Ref. Nr.

References

Content

DK

1

Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy (1996): Energy 21. The Danish Government's Action Plan for Energy, Danish Energy Agency - Copenhagen

The Danish government's action plan for energy in the new century

2

EC Directives 85/337/EEC and 97/11/EEC

On documentation and monitoring of environmental impact from large public and private construction projects.

3

Elkraft Power Co./SEAS A.m.b.a. (1997): Offshore Wind Farm at Vindeby, Lolland, Final Report to the EU-Commission, 2^nd Ed.

Experiences from designing, installing, servicing and operating the Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm, installed 1990 to 1991 with 11 450 kW wind turbines.

4

Elsam (2000) Hring om Havvindmllepark ved Rdsand (Environmental Impact Report on offshore wind power park at Rdsand)

Case Study: Report on environmental Impact of an offshore wind power project prepared for the public hearing process. Available at http://www.ens.dk/nyt/Hoeringer/VindRoedsand/hoering_Roedsand.htm with English summary

5

Elsam & Eltra (2000): Hring om Havvindmllepark p Horns Rev (Environmental Impact Report on offshore wind power park at Horns Rev)

Case Study: Report on environmental Impact of an offshore wind power project prepared for the public hearing process. Available at http://www.ens.dk/nyt/Hoeringer/VindHornsRev/hoering.htm with English summary

6

Energistyrelsen (1995): Vindmller i danske farvande. Kortlgning af myndighedsinteresser, vurderinger og anbefalinger. (Wind turbines in Danish waters. Survey of public authority interests, evaluations and recommendations). Danish Energy Agency - Copenhagen (In Danish)

Includes a map of areas that must not, areas that might, and areas with priority to be used for offshore wind power, including which of the technical barriers above are valid for each area. Only available in Danish.

7

Energistyrelsen (1998): Retningslinier for udarbejdelse af miljredegrelser for havmlleparker (Guidelines for environmental impact analyses for offshore wind power parks) Rambll - Copenhagen (In Danish)

Implementation of the environmental directives for offshore wind power in Denmark

8

Nielsen, B. et al. (1996): Wind Turbines & the Landscape", Birk Nielsens Tegnestue - Aarhus

Different visualizations

9

The Offshore Wind Farm Working Group (1997): "Action Plan for the Offshore Wind Farms in Danish Waters"

Action plan for the offshore wind Farms in Danish waters

10

Srensen et. al. (1999): VVM redegrelse for vindmllepark p Middelgrunden (Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Wind Farm Middelgrunden), Copenhagen Utility and Middelgrundens Vindmllelaug - Copenhagen (In Danish, with English summary)

Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Wind Farm Middelgrunden

GE 1

Merck, Th: Mgliche Konflikte zwischen der Offshorewindenergienutzung und dem Naturschutz. In: Offshore-Windenergienutzung: Technik, Naturschutz, Planung.Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Wilhelmshaven: DEWI, 2000, p. 49-58.

see previous pages

2

Garte, St.: Mglicher Einflu der Offshorewindenergienutzung auf die Avifauna. In: Offshore-Windenergienutzung: Technik, Naturschutz, Planung.Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Wilhelmshaven: DEWI, 2000, p. 71-76.

see previous pages

3

Sker, H. et al.: North Sea Offshore Wind A Powerhouse for Europe. Technical Possibilities and Ecological Considerations. A Study for Greenpeace. Hamburg, Germany: Greenpeace, 2000.

see previous pages

4

Lucke, K.: Mglicher Einflu der Offshorewindenergienutzung auf marine Lebewesen. In: Offshore-Windenergienutzung: Technik, Naturschutz, Planung.Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Wilhelmshaven: DEWI, 2000, p. 59-70.

see previous pages

5

Ehrich, S.: Auswirkungen von Offshore-Windkraftanlagen auf Fische. In: Fachtagung Offshore-Windparks 30.05.2000. NNA Alfred Toepfer Akademie fr Naturschutz (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Schneverdingen: NNA, 2000.

see previous pages

6

Heuers; J.: Mgliche Auswirkungen von Offshore-Windkraftanlagen auf die Lebensgemeinschaften am Meeresboden. In: Fachtagung Offshore-Windparks 30.05.2000. NNA Alfred Toepfer Akademie fr Naturschutz (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Schneverdingen: NNA, 2000.

see previous pages

7

Schrshusen, H.:Offshoreplanungen des Landes Niedersachsen. In: Offshore-Windenergienutzung: Technik, Naturschutz, Planung.Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (Editor):Workshop Proceedings. Wilhelmshaven: DEWI, 2000, p. 94-100.

see previous pages

8

Braasch,W., Freese, T.:Kollisionsrisiko Schiffahrt. In: kologische Auswirkungen durch Offshore Windenergie-Anlagen Workshop, Ministerium fr Umwelt, Natur und Fosrten des Landes Schleswig-Holstein: Oral Presentation at Workshop, Kiel, 12.December 2000.

see previous pages

9

Hbner 2000:Offshore Windenergieanlagen: Planungs-und Genehmigungsrechtliche Grundlagen fr die errichtung und den Betrieb von Windenergieanlagen in Kstengewssern und in der Ausschlielichen Wirtschaftszone
ZUR 2/2000.

see previous pages

10

Germanys Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources

(Renewable Energy Sources Act).

see previous pages

NL

i

On foraging birds, Pedersen & Poulsen,(IBN-DLO, 1992)., 1991

ii

Project-Planologische Kernbeslissing Locatiekeuze Demonstratieproject 'Near Shore Windpark', Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, 2000

iii

Wind mee of wind tegen, a preliminary study to the ecological effects of an offshore windturbineparkGrontmij groep , 1998

iv

Milieu-effectrapport, Locatiekeuze Demonstratieproject 'Near Shore Windpark', Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, 2000

v

Een windpark op zee - een kwalitatief onderzoek, Infomart, 1999

vi

North Sea Atlas, for Netherlands Policy and Management, Amsterdam, Interdepartmental Co-ordinating Committee for North Sea Affairs (ICONA), 1992

vii

van de Sande A.M.C., Windfarm Lely - first off-shore project in the Netherlands, OWEMES Conference, 1997

viii

Haalbaarheidsstudie Demo. Project, Near Shore Windpark, Novem, 1997

BE

UK

1.   UK DTI. An assessment of the environmental effects of offshore wind farms. ETSU W/35/00543/REP. Contractor Metoc PLC, Published 2000.

2.   Transport and Works Act 1992.

3.   Food and Environmental Protection Act 1985.

4.   Coast Protection Act

5.   Electricity Act 1989

6.   Town and Country Planning Act 1990.

7.   UK DTI. The Renewables Energy Obligation preliminary consultation. October 2000. Additional DTI, Ofgem and ministerial statements October December 2000.

IR

1

Department of Public Enterprise and Department of Trade, Enterprise and Investment (2000) Assessment of offshore wind energy resources in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland

Assesses offshore wind energy potential taking into account the resource, technical, physical and environmental constraints.

2

Marine Institute (2000) Assessment of the Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Structures on the Marine Environment

Environmental impacts restricted to those below the water

3

Madsen P. (1996) Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm Proc EWEC 1996

4

Percival S. M. (1999) Ornithological Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms. University of Sunderland

5

Percival S. M. (1998) Birds and Wind Turbines: Managing Potential Planning Issues. Proc BWEA 1998

6

Percival S. M. (1998) Assessing the Ornithological Effects of Wind Farms: Managing Potential Issues. Proc BWEA 1998

7

Percival S. M. (2000) Ornithological Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms. Irish Sea Forum Seminar Report No. 23

8

Guillemette M., Larsen J.K., and Clausager I. (1999) Assessing the impact of the Tuno Knob wind park on sea-ducks: the influence of food resources. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Technical Report no. 263

9

Department of the Marine and Natural Resources (2000) Offshore Electricity Generating Stations Note for Intending Developers Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Structures on the Marine Environment.

How to apply for a foreshore license and foreshore lease for an offshore wind farm or wave energy plant

10

Irish Wind Energy Association (2000) In the Wind

IWEA newsletter

11

Department of Public Enterprise (1999) Green Paper on Sustainable Energy. Available at http://www.irlgov.ie/tec/energy/renewinfo.htm

National policy on sustainable energy

FR

1

Offshore identification in Nord-Pas de Calais, EED, 1997 (for regional Council)

GIS, environmental and technical constraints, wind potential, identification of potential sites

2

Development of a 7.5 MW offshore wind project in Dunkerque, EED for SAEML/Shell Renewable/Total and Jeumont, 1998-2000

Technical and economical definition of the project. Approval in EOLE 2005 call for tender.

3

Offshore identification in Brittany, EED, 1998 (for ADEME)

GIS, environmental and technical constraints, wind potential, identification of potential sites, pre-development of one site

4

Development of offshore site in Northern Finistere, EED/Total, 2000

Development of the project. Wind measurement in progress. Measures on site (bathymetry, geotechnics)

5

Offshore identification in Normandy, EED, 1999-2000 (for ADEME and regional Council)

GIS, environmental and technical constraints, wind potential, identification of favourable zones for offshore (3 zones)

6

Development of offshore site in Normandy, EED/Total, 2000

Development of the project. Wind measurement in progress. Measures on site (bathymetry, geotechnics)

7

Offshore identification in Normandy, EED, 1999-2000 (for ADEME and regional Council)

GIS, environmental and technical constraints, wind potential, identification of potential sites, pre-development of one site

8

Development of offshore site in Normandy, EED/Total, 2000

Development of the project. Wind measurement in progress. Measures on site (bathymetry, geotechnics)

9

Offshore identification in Languedoc Roussillon, EED, 1999-2000 (for ADEME and regional Council)

GIS, environmental and technical constraints, wind potential, identification of favourable zones for offshore (3 zones)

10

Development of offshore site in Languedoc (Port La Nouvelle), EED/Total, 2000

Development of the project. Wind measurement in progress. Measures on site (bathymetry, geotechnics)

IT

-

GR

1.    

Αβούρη, Α., Β. κ.ά Η ελληνική νομοθεσία για το περιβάλλον, Αθήνα, ΤΕΕ, 1993, τόμ. 2, σ. 214-232

Greek legislation for environment (overview)

2.    

Βαλιάτζα-Αφτιά, Ε, (1981) Θεσμός εκτίμησης περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων: Πόσο αποτελεσματικός για την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, Αθήνα-ΤΕΕ, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ651

Legislation for assessment of environment impact

3.    

Βασιλόπουλος, Μ. (1998) EMAS ή ISO 14000 ? Μία συμβολή στο θέμα, Αθήνα-ΤΕΕ

Evaluation of different environmental standards

4.    

Βουρνάς, Γ. (1995) Το θεσμικό πλαίσιο προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος στην Ελλάδα, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1543.2, pp . 25-36

Greek legislation for environment (overview)

5.    

Δαγρές, Δ. (1981) Μελέτη της νομοθεσίας περί αιγιαλού και παραλίας, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ727

Environmental legislation for shoreline

6.    

Δεληγιάννης, Κ. κ.ά (1990), Νομοθεσία περιβάλλοντος-Θεσμικό πλαίσιο έργων και δραστηριοτήτων, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1096

Greek legislation for environment (overview)

7.    

Κασσιός Κ. κ.ά. (1995) Θεσμικό πλαίσιο προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1543.2, pp . 111-118

Greek legislation for environment (overview)

8.    

Μπούρα, Α., Μουσιόπουλος, Ν. (1998) Η ανάλυση κύκλου ζωής ( LCA ) ως εργαλείο περιβαλλοντικής διαχείρισης, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1674

Life cycle analysis

9.    

Ανδρούτσος, Α. (1990) Συστήματα ανανεώσιμων μορφών ενέργειας-Αιολική ενέργεια-Δυνατότητες εφαρμογής κ προβλήματα, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1041

Application and impact of RES energy systems

10.     

Βουρδουμπάς, Γ. (1995) Εφαρμογές ΑΠΕ στα ξενοδοχεία σε νησιωτικές περιοχές της χώρας, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1490

Application of RES in recreation areas on the Greek islands

11.     

Γκούμας, Θ., Καράλης, Γ. (1993) Νέες ενεργειακές τεχνολογίες και περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις Η συμβολή του προγράμματος THERMIE και των οργανισμών ΟΠΕΤ, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1229

Environmental impact of new energy systems

12.     

Καράγγελος, Ι. κ.ά. (1993), Η συμβολή των ΑΠΕ στη μείωση της ρύπανσης του περιβάλλοντος Ελληνική πραγματικότητα, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ1229

The contribution of RES to pollution reduction

13.     

Παπαστεφανάκης, Δ., Γαρυφαλάκης, Σ. (1989), Δυνατότητα εκμετάλλευσης της αιολικής ενέργειας από φορείς της τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης στην Κρήτη, ΤΕΠ ΜΕΛ-Μ982

Application of wind energy on Crete

14.     

Βασικοί υγρότοποι της χώρας (εκτός συμβάσεως RAMSAR ). Α φάση, (1979), Υπ. Συντονισμού, 242 σελ.

Water biotops in Greece

15.     

Διαχείριση και προστασία σημαντικών οικοτόπων στην Ελλάδα: μέσα από προγράμματα του WWF Ελλάς (1995), WWF Ελλάς, 20 σελ.

Protection of biotops in Greece

16.     

Κατάλογος φυσικών προστατευόμενων περιοχών της Ελλάδας (1992), Περ. Η Φύσις, τεύχ. 58, σελ. 23-25

Catalog of natural protected areas in Greece

17.     

Σημαντικές περιοχές για τα πουλιά της Ελλάδας: μία γνωριμία με τους σημαντικούς βιότοπους της Ελλάδας (1994), Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρία, 271 σελ.

Bird biotops in Greece

18.     

Σφήκας, Γ. (1995) Βιότοποι της Ελλάδας, Εκδ. Πατάκης, 40 σελ.

Biotops in Greece

19.     

Λαζαρέτου, Θ. (1995), Η νομική προστασία των υγροβιότοπων στην Ελλάδα, Εκδ. Σάκκουλας, 150 σελ.

Legislation for protection of water biotops in Greece

20.     

Η μεσογειακή φώκια κινδυνεύει άμεσα με εξαφάνιση: βοηθήστε μας να την σώσουμε, Αθήνα-ΕΟΤ

The Mediterranean seal monachus-monachus is endangered! Help protect them!

21.     

Κατσακιώρη, Μ. (1995), Κατάλογος περιβαλλοντικών οργανώσεων της Ελλάδας, χωρών της Ευρώπης και της λεκάνης της ΜΕσογείου, Θεσσ/νίκη ΕΚΒΥ, 54 σελ.

Catalgue of environmental-ecological organizations in Greece, Europe and othr Mediterranean countries

22.     

Υπουργική Απόφαση. Δ6/Φ1/ OIK .8295/19.4.1995, Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως, Αρ. Φύλλου 385, 10/5/1995

Council resolution governing energy production-distribution incl. RES

23.    

Νόμος Αριθ. 2773, Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως, Αρ. Φύλλου 286, 22/12/1999

Law governing energy production-distribution incl. RES

24.     

Νόμος Αριθ. 2601, Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως, Αρ. Φύλλου 81, 15/4/1998

SP

PL

1

Energy Law, 10th April 1997, with changes -June 2000

Art. 15, p. 7. Foundations for national energy policy are required to designate development of renewable energy sources utilisation.

Art. 16, p. 3.2. Energy plans prepared by energy companies are required to include renewable energy sources.

Art. 19, p. 1 & 2.3. Municipal authorities are required to prepare projects of energy plans foundations including utilisation of renewable energy sources

Art. 32, p. 1.1. Power production in sources of more than 5 MW capacity requires obtaining a concession in the Energ y Regulation Office.

Art. 9, p. 3. The Minister of Economy is required to issue a decree obliging energy utilities to buying power from renewable energy sources

2

Spatial Planning Law, 1994

3

Protection and Shaping the Environment Law, 1980

4

Nature Protection Law , 1991

5

Regulations on Transport and Communication Safety

6

Construction Law

Art. 3, p. 3. Structures serving as energy producing devices are so called constructions. This means that it is necessary to fulfil l all the investment process requirements for constructions of that kind to construct, exploit and take them into pieces.

Art. 34, p. 3. Applications for construction permits for structures that are not included in the Polish Norms and legal regulations, should be supplemented by a specialised expertises issued by an organisational body or a person, pointed by the Minister.

Art. 59, p. 1. A constructing supervision organ in the construction permit may oblige an investor to obtain a utilisation permit.

Art. 56, p. 1 . Investor should inform an appropriate National Environmental Protection Inspection organ about finishing construction works.

7

Decree on obligation of buying power and heat from non-conventional energy sources and the scope of the obligation

Ministry of the Economy, February, 2nd, 1999

Paragraph 1.

Energy utilities carrying on economic activity in the field of power or heat trade, described further on as turnover companies, are obliged to buying, from domestic producers, proposed amounts of power and heat from non-conventional sources, including renewable energy sources, described further on as sources, in particular heat and power from: hydro power plants, wind turbines, biogas produced in particular in: animal waste utilisation systems, waste water treatment plants, local waste dumps, biomass, photovoltaics, thermal solar collectors, geothermy.

Paragraph 2.

Obligation in question in Par.1, does not refer to buying power nad heat produced in: sources belonging to the turnover companies or being under turnover companies control, sources which rated power is higher than 5 MW, sources using fissile fuels in production process, sources constructed within national investments.

Paragraph 3.

Turnover companies are not obliged to buying power and heat from the sources, if the price: of a power unit is higher than the highest valid price of a power unit in the company, binding in the tariff for a power unit supplied to the end-users, connected to the low voltage grid, of a heat unit higher than the highest price of a heat unit offered by other suppliers producing heat from conventional sources.

8

Proceedings of a international seminar: Wind Power Onshore and Offshore, Sopot, 15-17 December 2000